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The Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority (HAVA) based in Lashkar Gah, Afghanistan, originally named the Helmand Valley Authority (HVA) until its expansion in 1965,〔((pdf) The Helmand Valley Project in Afghanistan: A.I.D. Evaluation Special Study No. 18 ) C Clapp-Wicek & E Baldwin, U.S. Agency for International Development, published December 1983〕 was established on December 4, 1952 as an agency of the Afghan Government.〔(Report on Development of Helmand Valley, Afghanistan, 1956 ), Tudor Engineering Company〕 The agency was modelled on the Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States,〔(BBC - Adam Curtis Blog: Kabul: City Number One - Part 3 ) BBC, published 2009-10-13〕〔(Reconstruction And Opium Poppy Cultivation in Central Helmand: The Need For An Integrated Program ) Richard B. Scott, Conference on Afghanistan Reconstruction, University of Nebraska at Omaha, published 2008-10-03〕 with a remit covering lands in the provinces of Kandahar, Girishk, Farah and Herat.〔 As of March 2012 its director is Haji Khan Agha.〔(DVIDS - News - Summit on water conservation brings Afghan provincial leadership to the table )〕 The HAVA is overseen by the Afghan Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (previously the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation〔(Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on the Proposed Loan and Technical Assistance to the Republic of Afghanistan for the Kajakai Gales Project in Afghanistan ) Asian Development Bank, published 1974-11-12〕). The HAVA was created to manage the economic development of the Helmand and Arghandab valleys, primarily through irrigation and agricultural land development along the Helmand River and the Arghandab River, in a plan which was forecast to be of primary importance to the future economy of Afghanistan.〔 Before the outbreak of conflict in the late 1970s the area irrigated by the HAVA produced a large proportion of Afghanistan's grain and cotton and was a major source of foreign exchange though exports.〔(Geology, Water, and Wind in the Lower Helmand Basin, Southern Afghanistan ), Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5182; John W. Whitney; U.S. Department of the Interior & U.S. Geological Survey; published 2006〕 The area of agricultural land under irrigation more than halved between 1979 and 2002 to around , although this has since been increased.〔(Making the Most of Afghanistan’s River Basins: Opportunities for Regional Cooperation ), Matthew King & Benjamin Sturtewagen, EastWest Institute, published 2010, accessed 2012-05-11〕 Today the irrigation system managed by the HAVA is regarded as one of the country's most important capital resources and vital for maintaining and expanding agricultural production in the region.〔(Helmand Annual Review 2010 ) Helmand Provincial Reconstruction Team, Regional Command (South West) and the Regional Platform (South West), published 2011-03-12〕 ==Development== The development of the Helmand Valley was initiated by the Government of Afghanistan in 1946.〔 In addition to irrigation and land development it also included elements of flood control and power supply, improvements to farming practices and equipment, health, education and road connections〔 and the resettlement of some 5,500 nomadic and landless families into the area.〔 It focused around irrigation supplied from the waters of the Arghandab (Dahla) Dam, completed in 1952, and the Kajaki Dam on the River Helmand, completed in 1953, which were both constructed by a local subsidiary of Morrison Knudsen〔 the builders of the Hoover Dam. It resulted in one of the world's major desert irrigation schemes,〔(1970 Farm Economic Survey: Helmand and Arghandab Valleys of Afghanistan ) G.P. Owens, USAID/Universityu of Wyoming Contract Team, published 1971-12-15〕 with water supplied through the Boghra, Shamalan, and Darweshan canals. The project received major loans from the Export-Import Bank of the United States and, although around 20% of all Afghan Government expenditure went into funding the HVA and HAVA during the 1950s and into the 1960s,〔〔 it was generally seen as a US project.〔 It resulted, in the words of historian Arnold J. Toynbee in ''a piece of America inserted into the Afgan Landscape... The new world they are conjuring up out of the desert at the Helmand River's expense is to be an America-in-Asia.''〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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